Optical Fiber

An optical fiber (or fibre) is a glass or plastic fiber that carries light along its length. Fiber optics is the overlap of applied science and engineering concerned with the design and application of optical fibers. Optical fibers are widely used in fiber-optic communication, which permits transmission over longer distances and at higher data rates than other forms of communications. Fibers are used instead of metal wires because signals travel along them with less loss, and they are immune to electromagnetic interference. Optical fibers are also used to form sensors, and in a variety of other applications.

Light is kept in the "core" of the optical fiber by total internal reflection. This causes the fiber to act as a waveguide. Fibers which support many propagation paths or transverse modes are called multimode fibers (MMF). Fibers which support only a single mode are called singlemode fibers (SMF). Multimode fibers generally have a large-diameter core, and are used for short-distance communication links or for applications where high power must be transmitted. Singlemode fibers are used for most communication links longer than 200 meters.
Joining lengths of optical fiber is more complex than joining electrical wire or cable. The ends of the fibers must be carefully cleaved, and then spliced together either mechanically or by fusing them together with an electric arc. Special connectors are used to make removable connections.

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Communications protocol

In the field of telecommunications, a communications protocol is the set of standard rules for data representation, signaling, authentication and error detection required to send information over a communications channel.

An example of a simple communications protocol adapted to voice communication is the case of a radio dispatcher talking to mobile stations. The communication protocols for digital computer network communication have many features intended to ensure reliable interchange of data over an imperfect communication channel.

Communication protocol is basically following certain rules so that the system works properly.

== Network protocol design principle to create a set of common network protocol design principles. These principles include effectiveness, reliability, and resiliency.

This paragraph informally provides some examples of layers, some required functionalities, and some protocols that implement them, all from the realm of computing protocols.

At the lowest level, bits are encoded in electrical, light or radio signals by the Physical layer. Some examples include RS-232, SONET, and WiFi.

A somewhat higher Data link layer such as the point-to-point protocol (PPP) may detect errors and configure the transmission system.

An even higher protocol may perform network functions. One very common protocol is the Internet protocol (IP), which implements addressing for large set of protocols. A common associated protocol is the Transmission control protocol (TCP) which implements error detection and correction (by retransmission). TCP and IP are often paired, giving rise to the familiar abbreviation TCP/IP.

A layer in charge of presentation might describe how to encode text (ie: ASCII, or Unicode).
An application protocol like SMTP, may (among other things) describe how to inquire about electronic mail messages.

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Cell Broadcast

Cell Broadcast (CB) messaging is a mobile technology feature defined by the ETSI’s GSM committee and is part of the GSM standard. It is also known as Short Message Service - Cell Broadcast (SMS-CB). Cell Broadcast is designed for simultaneous delivery of messages to multiple users in a specified area. Whereas the Short Message Service - Point to Point (SMS-PP) is a one-to-one and one-to-a-few service, Cell Broadcast is a one-to-many geographically focused messaging service. Cell Broadcast messaging is also supported by UMTS, as defined by 3GPP.

Cell Broadcast messaging was technologically demonstrated in Paris for the first time, in 1997. Some mobile operators use Cell Broadcast for communicating the area code of the antenna cell to the mobile user (via channel 050), for nationwide or citywide alerting, weather reports, mass messaging, location based news, etc. Not all operators have the Cell Broadcast messaging function activated in their network yet, and many handsets do not have the capability to support cell broadcast.

Cell Broadcast is a technology that allows a text or binary message to be defined and distributed to all mobile terminals connected to a set of cells. Whereas SMS messages are sent point-to-point, Cell Broadcast messages are sent point-to-area. This means that one Cell Broadcast message can reach a huge number of terminalsa at once. In other words, Cell Broadcast messages are directed to radio cells, rather than to a specific terminal. A Cell Broadcast message is an unconfirmed push service, meaning that the originator of the message does not know who has received the message, allowing for services based on anonymity. Mobile telephone user manuals describe how the user can switch the receiving of Cell Broadcast messages on or off.
Cell Broadcast messaging has a number of features that make it particularly appropriate for emergency purposes:

It is not as affected by traffic load; therefore, it may be usable during a disaster when load spikes tend to crash networks, as the 7 July 2005 London bombings showed. Another example was during the Tsunami catastrophe in Asia. Dialog GSM, an operator in Sri Lanka was able to provide ongoing emergency information to its subscribers, to warn of incoming waves, to give news updates, to direct people to supply and distribution centres, and even to arrange donation collections using Celltick's Cell Broadcast Center, based on Cell Broadcast Technology.
Cell broadcast is not widely deployed today. In the U.S., most handsets do not have cell broadcast capability, and the major U.S. operators have not deployed the technology in their networks.

Cell Broadcast is a mobile technology that allows messages (up to 15 pages of up to 93 characters) to be broadcast to all mobile handsets and similar devices within a designated geographical area. The broadcast range can be varied, from a single cell to the entire network.

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SMS

Short Message Service (SMS) is a communications protocol allowing the interchange of short text messages between mobile telephone devices. SMS text messaging is the most widely used data application on the planet, with already 2.4 billion active users, or 74% of all mobile phone subscribers sending and receiving text messages on their phones. The SMS technology has facilitated the development and growth of text messaging. The connection between the phenomenon of text messaging and the underlying technology is so great that in parts of the world the term "SMS" is used colloquially as a synonym for a text message from another person or the act of sending a text message (even when, as with MMS, a different underlying protocol is being used)[citation needed].

SMS as used on modern handsets was originally defined as part of the GSM series of standards in 1985 as a means of sending messages of up to 160 characters (including spaces), to and from GSM mobile handsets. Since then, support for the service has expanded to include alternative mobile standards such as ANSI CDMA networks and Digital AMPS, as well as satellite and landline networks.Most SMS messages are mobile-to-mobile text messages, though the standard supports other types of broadcast messaging as well.

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Ringtone

A ringtone or ring tone is the sound made by a cell phone to indicate an incoming call. The term is a misnomer, as it is often used to refer to any ring sound, almost all of which are not tones. The term is most often used to refer to the customizable sounds used on mobile phones.
A phone “rings” when its network indicates an incoming call and the phone thus alerts the user. For landline telephones, the call signal can be an electric current generated by the switch to which the telephone is connected. For mobile phones, the network sends the phone a message indicating an incoming call.

A telephone “ring” is the sound generated when there is an incoming telephone call. The term originated from the fact that early telephones had a ringing mechanism consisting of a bell and an electromagnetically-driven hammer, producing a ringing sound. The aforementioned electrical signal powered the electromagnet which would rapidly move and release the hammer, striking the bell. This "magneto" bell system is still in widespread use. The ringing signal sent to a customer's telephone is AC at 90 volts and 20 hertz in North America. While the sound produced is still called a “ring”, more-recently manufactured telephones electronically produce a warbling, chirping, or other sound. Variation of the ring signal can be used to indicate characteristics of incoming calls (for example, rings with a shorter interval between them might be used to signal a call from a given number).

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Stop Telemarketing

It is irritating for some people to receive telemarketing calls at home. There is a way for you to be able to lessen the call, the Telephone Preference Service or TPS can help you with that. Register your phone number on their do-not-call list and you will receive less telemarketing calls or calls from different organizations and charity. Even though name removal through

TPS is general in nature. You can lessen the number of calls from telemarketers from a specific company by having them place your number in the company’s do-not-call list the next time the company calls you.

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For those who find that telemarketing calls are an annoyance there are many remedies available, many without any cost, available under Canadian law and regulation. Tips from the CRTC's website include:
As a first step, call the telemarketers directly and ask to be removed from their fax lists or tell them you want to be placed on their "do not call" lists when they contact you by telephone. Most problems will be resolved at this point.
If you are unable to contact the telemarketing company or if you continue to receive telephone calls/faxes, contact your telephone company for assistance.
If you aren’t able to reach the telemarketer or have yourself removed from a fax/calling list and if the telephone company has been unable to assist you, contact the CRTC and we will pursue the matter on your behalf.
In addition, you can register to have your telephone numbers removed from marketing lists by mailing your request to the Canadian Marketing Association (CMA), P.O. Box 706, Don Mills, Ontario M3C 2T6, or faxing it to (416) 441-4062 or by completing the registration form at www.the-cma.org . Not all telemarketers are members of the CMA so this will not eliminate all unsolicited telemarketing calls. Make sure you indicate your first and last names as well as your complete address number and all telephone numbers, including any Ident-A-Call numbers. This free service is valid for three years and applies to telemarketing offers received by mail, telephone and fax.
You might also wish to consult the front pages of your local telephone directory under Privacy Issues to see what you can do to have your name removed from any directories made available by your local telephone company to publishers of independent paper and electronic directories, including the Canada 411 Internet directory. You might also want to contact your local telephone company directly to be removed from its telemarketing lists.

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Calling party

The calling party (also called caller, call originator or A-party) is a person who (or device that) initiates a telephone call over the public switched telephone network, usually by dialing a telephone number. The process is called call origination and the person who (or device that) answers a telephone call is the called party.

The calling party is usually the party that pays the fee for placing the call, however in reverse charge (or collect) calls this may not be the case.
While roaming on an international network using a mobile phone, the calling party may need to pay an extra fee for the subsequent use of the overseas network.

A telephone call may carry ordinary voice transmission using a telephone, data transmission when the calling party and called party are using modems, or facsimile transmission when they are using fax machines. The call may use land line, cell phone, satellite phone or any combination thereof. Where a telephone call has more than one called party it is referred to as a conference call. When two or more users of the network are sharing the same physical line, it is called a party line or Rural phone line.

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Prank call

prank call, also known as a crank call, hoax call, phony call, phone scam or phony phone call is a form of practical joke committed over the telephone. As with all practical jokes, prank calls are generally done for humorous effect, though there is a thin line between humor and harassment. Prank phone calls began to gain an America-wide following over a period of many years, as they gradually became a staple of the obscure and amusing cassette tapes traded amongst musicians, sound engineers, and media traders beginning in the late 1970s. Among the most famous and earliest recorded prank calls are the Tube Bar prank calls tapes which centered around Louis "Red" Deutsch, and the Lucius Tate phone calls. Comedian Jerry Lewis was an incorrigible phone prankster, and recordings of his hijinks, dating from the 1960s and possibly earlier, still circulate throughout the country to this day.

Even very prominent people have fallen victim to prank callers, as for example Queen Elizabeth II, who was fooled by Canadian DJ Pierre Brassard posing as Canadian Prime Minister Jean Chrétien, asking her to record a speech in support of Canadian unity ahead of the 1995 Quebec referendum.[1] Two other particularly famous examples of prank calls were made by the Miami-based radio station Radio El Zol. In one, they telephoned Venezuelan president Hugo Chávez and spoke to him, pretending to be Cuban dictator Fidel Castro.[2] They later repeated the prank, except that they called Castro and pretended to be Chávez. Radio El Zol was also fined by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC).

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Call waiting

Call waiting (or catch phone in Japan), in telephony, is a feature on some telephone networks. If a calling party places a call to a called party which is otherwise engaged, and the called party has the call waiting feature enabled, the called party is able to suspend the current telephone call and switch to the new incoming call (Typically, this is done by pushing the flash button), and can then negotiate with the new or the current caller an appropriate time to ring back if the message is important, or to quickly handle a separate incoming call.

Call waiting, then, alleviates the need to have a separate line for voice communications. Note that since the signal to the called party is audible (for example, a 440 Hz beep every ten seconds in North America), call waiting often can cause dial-up Internet connections to terminate. For this reason, call waiting is often disabled on shared voice/data telephone lines. In North America, the NANP uses *70 before a call to suspend call waiting for that call. A stuttered then regular dial tone confirms the de-activation.

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Type II caller ID also works with call waiting.

Rotary dial

The rotary dial is a device mounted on or in a telephone or switchboard that is designed to send interrupted electrical pulses, known as pulse dialing, corresponding to the number dialed. The early form of the rotary dial used lugs on a finger plate instead of holes. A patent was filed on August 20, 1896 by employees of Almon Strowger, namely, A. E. Keith and the brothers John and Charles Erickson. The Patent No. 597,062 was granted on January 11, 1898.

The modern version of the rotary dial with holes was first introduced in 1904 but only entered service in the Bell System in 1919. The device was phased out from the 1970s onwards with the onset of Touch Tone dialing, which uses a telephone keypad instead of a dial. Some telephone systems in the US no longer recognize rotary dialing by default, in which case it would have to be ordered from the telephone company as a special feature, to support older customer equipment.
Today the dial is a key pad or "dial pad", generally with 12 keys numbered 0-9, *, and # that perform an equivalent signalling function to that of a rotating disk dial.

In telephony, the word dialing (in present and past tense spelt with two Ls in British English and with one in American English) describes the process of the placement of a telephone call.

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Collect Call

A collect call in the USA and Canada or reverse charge call in the UK and other countries (or calling collect) is a telephone call in which the calling party wants to place a call at the called party's expense. In the past, collect calls were only possible as an operator-assisted call, but with the introduction of computer-based telephone dialing equipment, it is now possible to place a collect call without using an operator, which is called International Freephone Service (IFS) as opposed to Home Country Direct (HCD).

Several companies offer services to place collect calls that compete with local service providers. When the operator's number is globally unique, i.e. it does not depend on the caller's country, it is called Universal International Freephone Number (UIFN).
More collect calls are made on Father's Day than any other day.

Other forms of paid communication, such as telegrams and mail, could also be sent "collect".

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Long distance

Long distance in telecommunications, refers to telephone calls made outside a certain area, usually characterized by an area code outside of a local call area (known in the United States as a local access and transport area or LATA). Long-distance calls usually carry long-distance charges which, within certain nations, vary between phone companies and are the subject of much competition. International calls are calls made between different countries, and usually carry much higher charges. These calls are charged to the calling party unless the called party accepts a collect call.

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Telephone calls - A telephone call is a connection over a telephone network between the calling party and the called party.

Area code - A telephone call is a connection over a telephone network between the calling party and the called party.